Enter the names of the authors you want to look up. The recommended format is to use one or more initials and to quote each name, for example "A Harzing". Try to use the initials that the author usually publishes under.

You can enter multiple names separated by AND or OR, for example "A Harzing" AND "N G Noorderhaven" (co-authored) or "A Harzing" OR "N G Noorderhaven" (individual papers AND co-authored ones).

To exclude an author name from the results, prefix the name with a '-' (minus) character. For example, "A Harzing" -"N G Noorderhaven" finds articles authored by A Harzing but not N G Noorderhaven.

For more search tips, see Author search.

Enter the range of years in which the papers must have been published. You can set either year to 0 (zero) to indicate "don't care".

Enter the name of the publication or journal you want to look up. The recommended format is the full title enclosed in quotes, for example "Journal of International Business". However, you might have to experiment with common abbreviations as well.

For more search tips, see Journal search.

Enter the ISSNs of the journals you want to look up. The ISSNs must use the format dddd-dddd, i.e., 4 digits, a hyphen, and another 4 digits.

Note: The ISSN search helps to narrow down the results, but may cause false positives if the same ISSN appears in the text of an article. Generally, the best results are achieved when searching for both a publication title and the corresponding ISSN.

Enter any additional words that must appear alone or in combination in the returned papers. This can be used to narrow down the search for a specific set of papers. For tips on search syntax, see General/keyword search.

Enter any additional words that must not appear in the returned papers. This can be used to narrow down the search for a specific set of papers. For tips on search syntax, see General/keyword search.

Enter a phrase (i.e., a specific sequence of words) that must all appear in the returned papers. This can be used to narrow down the search for a specific set of papers. For tips on search syntax, see General/keyword search.

Multi-function button with the following functions.

Note: The [Default] function is obtained by clicking on the main part if the button; the alternate functions appear on a drop-down menu when you click on the drop-down arrow on the button.

• Lookup - [Default] Perform the query. If possible, the query is satisfied from the local Publish or Perish cache; this saves time and reduces the load on Google Scholar. If no cache entry for the query exists or the entry is older than the maximum cache age, then the query is forwarded to Google Scholar. After the results are received from Google Scholar, the local cache is automatically refreshed.
• Lookup Direct - Submit the query directly to Google Scholar, bypassing the local Publish or Perish cache. This may be useful if you suspect that Google Scholar may have newer information than is available through the local cache. When the results are returned from Google Scholar, the local cache is automatically refreshed.
• Mark for Lookup - Do not perform the query yet, but mark it (with error code 35) for later lookup, for example as part of a batch lookup from the queries list.

Tip: You can change the maximum cache age in the Preferences: Google Scholar dialog box, which is accessible through the Tools > Preferences command.

Note: It is not useful to perform multiple direct lookups for the same query shortly after another; this merely increases the load on Google Scholar and increases the chance that your computer may be temporarily denied access by Google Scholar. We recommend that you only use the Lookup Direct function as a last resort.

Multi-function button that copies the results or metrics belonging to the current query to the Windows clipboard in one of the following ways. See Exporting your data for information about these formats.

Note: The [Default] function is obtained by clicking on the main part if the button; the alternate functions appear on a drop-down menu when you click on the drop-down arrow on the button.

Multi-function button that creates a new query object, as follows.

Note: If you click on the main part of the button, a new query of the same type as the current one (i.e., Google Scholar) will be created; the alternate functions appear on a drop-down menu when you click on the drop-down arrow on the button.

• Crossref Query - Creates a new Crossref query
• Google Scholar Query - Creates a new Google Scholar query
• Google Scholar Profile Query - Creates a new Google Scholar Profile query
• Microsoft Academic Query - Creates a new Microsoft Academic query
• Scopus Query - Creates a new Scopus query
• Web of Science Query - Creates a new Web of Science query
• Import External Data... - Opens a standard Open dialog box that lets you choose a file of external data to import.