Of bears, bumble-bees and spiders & who's in charge?

Summarizes my research in the field of MNC staffing policies

Anne-Wil Harzing - (updated Fri 3 Jun 2022 15:49)

Early in my publishing career I happened to publish three articles in the same year – 2001 – that were in some way related to staffing practices in subsidiaries of multinational companies. Do companies employ mainly Parent Country Nationals (PCNs) or Host Country Nationals (HCNs) as top managers in their subsidiaries and which circumstances would invoke a preference for one option over another? Although in the 1980s and 1990s many publications discussed the advantages and disadvantages of employing PCNs as opposed to HCNs, and some gave an overview of the factors that might influence executive staffing policies, there were surprisingly few studies that examined actual staffing practices.

Who’s in charge?

My first research project in this area therefore investigated how a wide range of home country/company, industry, host country and subsidiary factors that might influence the likelihood of a PCN in top management positions in subsidiaries (see figure). It was a by-product of the mailing list I had painstakingly compiled for the international mail survey used to collect data for my PhD. [For more on international mail surveys, see my earlier blogpost: Challenges in International survey research: illustrations and solutions]. Compiling this mailing list involved collecting addresses of MNC subsidiaries in a predefined set of industries from a wide range of secondary sources, including nearly a dozen different company directories and MNC annual reports.

Remember this was before the Internet became widely available! So I spent a lot of time at libraries all over the Netherlands (company directories were only available in some libraries and were not for loan) and my home office was swamped with annual reports. I still remember the face of our postman when he had to deliver yet another package of dozens of annual reports, heavily weighing down his bicycle mailbags :-). As personalization of the letter is usually thought to increase response rates, I noted down not just the name and address of the company, but also the name of the managing director while collecting the addresses. In this tedious and fairly mind-numbing process I distracted myself by guessing the nationality of the managing directors whose name I wrote down.

I inferred the nationality of the manager’s from his/her name, usually both first and last names were available. At first sight this might seem fraught with difficulty, but the choice was usually as simple as: Is Carlos Gonzales de Castejon Spanish or Swedish? Is Mikko Tanhuanpää Finnish or German? Is Diarmuid O’Colmain Irish or French? Only later it became apparent that these data could be a valuable source of information in themselves and I recorded systematically whether I thought the MD to be a PCN, HCN, or TCN. Later, I was able to verify the level of accuracy by comparing my “guesses” with responses in the actual mail survey. Out of the 218 cases where verification was possible, 212 had been classified correctly; in the six remaining cases the MD turned out to be a TCN instead of a PCN or HCN. Not a bad result if we look at the usual levels of accuracy in Social Science research. Data for 1650 subsidiaries were used for a modest research note in the then recently launched Journal of International Management which tested the framework for overseas staffing published in an earlier publication in this journal.

  • Harzing, A.W. (1997) Research Note: About the paucity of empirical research in IHRM: A test of Downes framework of staffing foreign subsidiaries, Journal of International Management, 3(2): 153-167. Available online...

Subsequently, I expanded the database of secondary data and combined it with the results from my mail survey. The result of all this hard graft was a sample of 2689 observations from secondary data, supplemented by mail survey data for 239 subsidiaries. The data sources generally converged on the factors that influenced staffing practices thus providing a solid empirical basis for future work in this area. Unfortunately, the article took quite a while to get through the review process and was rejected at two journals before it ended up in Human Resource Management. One of the reviews at the earlier journal attempts was a real shocker. The reviewer said I clearly didn’t know how to write academic papers and that I would never be successful in an academic career; so I might as well give up. What a nice thing to say to a fledging young academic. Not!!!

  • Harzing, A.W. (2001) Who's in charge: an empirical study of executive staffing practices in foreign subsidiaries, Human Resource Management, Summer 2001, 40(2): 139-158. [Reprinted in International Human Resource Management, Editors: Pawan Budhwar, Randall S. Schuler, Paul R. Sparrow, Sage Publications 2009] Available online... - Publisher’s version

Bears, bumble-bees and spiders

My second article on this theme focused on one particular role of expatriates: the control and coordination role. Expatriates can be used to effectuate control in both a direct (explicit) and an indirect (implicit) way. They can serve to replace or complement HQ centralization of decision-making and direct surveillance of subsidiaries by headquarters managers. I labeled this as the “bear” role of expatriates.

The bear was chosen as an analogy, because it reflects a level of dominance (and threat that might be perceived in the extreme case) associated with this type of expatriate control. Expatriates can also be used to realize control based on socialization and the creation of informal communication networks, acting as “bumblebees” and “spiders”. Organizational bumblebees fly “from plant to plant” (i.e. organizational unit to organizational unit) and create crosspollination between the various offshoots. Weaving an informal communication network is of course the role of expatriates as “spiders”. The slightly unusual labels seem to have helped bringing the article under people’s attention. I often had academics that met me for the first time say: “Oh, you are the lady of the bears, bumble-bees and spiders”.

Country and cultural distance effects in the functions of expatriation

A third article focused specifically on how home and host country and cultural distance might affect the different organisational functions played by expatriation. Country-of-origin effects showed that subsidiaries from German and Japanese MNCs were more likely to see coordination and control as important, whereas subsidiaries from American and British MNCs saw position filling and knowledge transfer as more important. Management development was seen as particularly important by Germanic (German, Swiss and Dutch) multinationals. Both position filling & knowledge transfer and coordination & control were more important in culturally distant subsidiaries, whereas the latter was also more important in younger subsidiaries. Management development was more important in older and larger subsidiaries and in host country contexts that were more culturally close to headquarters.

These findings might have an important impact on the management of expatriates. Most publications in the expatriate literature prescribe best practices in expatriate management in terms of selection, training and compensation. However, since expatriates are sent out for different reasons, practices with regard to their selection, training and appraisal and compensation might need to be tailored to these different reasons for transfer. For instance, for an expatriate who is mainly sent out for coordination and control reasons and in particular to improve communication channels between headquarters and the subsidiary in question, excellent language and communication skills would be essential. These skills might be less important for an expatriate who is sent out to transfer technical knowledge.

  • Harzing, A.W. (2001) An analysis of the functions of international transfer of managers in MNCs, Employee Relations, 23(6): 581-598. [Listed as one of the top-10 articles all time in the journal as part of its 35th volume celebration] Available online... - Publisher’s version

Country-of-origin effects have continued to interest me as is evidenced in this forthcoming blog post: Country-of-origin matters for multinationals too! I have also tried to disentangle home and host country effects and cultural distance effects in some of my other work: Should we distance ourselves from the cultural distance concept?

And finally…

I am particularly proud that not just one, but all three articles ended up as the most cited articles in their respective journal for 2001. It is therefore not surprising that many academics still think of me as an expatriate researcher only. Interestingly, I haven’t actually done much empirical research myself in this field since 2001, although I have published on this topic with four of my research students who have done work on knowledge transfer, ethnic identity and the role of host country language skills, as reported in these blog posts:

More recently, I have also published with three other authors teams on the role of inpatriates in knowledge transfer as well as taking a fresh look at the country-of-origin effect in staffing practices.

Drop me a line

Free pre-publication versions of these papers are hyperlinked. If you’d like to have an official reprint for these papers, just drop me an email.

Related blogposts

research focus expatriation multinational companies country-of-origin international hrm

Copyright © 2022 Anne-Wil Harzing. All rights reserved. Page last modified on Fri 3 Jun 2022 15:49

Anne-Wil Harzing is Emerita Professor of International Management at Middlesex University, London. She is a Fellow of the Academy of International Business, a select group of distinguished AIB members who are recognized for their outstanding contributions to the scholarly development of the field of international business. In addition to her academic duties, she also maintains the Journal Quality List and is the driving force behind the popular Publish or Perish software program.

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