Literature review: Longitudinal
Publish or Perish tutorial
Publish or Perish can also be used to analyse the development of the literature on any particular topic over time. You can search for particular key words and look at how the number of papers published varies over time. In order to eliminate a potentially large range of irrelevant results it might be a good idea to focus on a small set of journals. Journals can be combined with the OR function in the publication field, although Google Scholar generally ignores any journals beyond the second or third.
Publish or Perish does not yet provide the ability to further analyse for instance the number of publications per year. However, exporting the data to a spreadsheet or statistical program allows you to do this very easily. In addition, by selecting all publications in a year, clicking “unselect” and looking at the reduction in the number of papers, you can easily establish the number of papers per year.
Worked Example: Culture in the field of International Business
Let us assume you are interested how research into the role of national culture in the field of business and management has developed over the years. In order to limit the number of irrelevant hits, you limit your search to two mainstream international business journals. The screenshot below shows the search and all papers receiving more than 300 citations.
Highly cited papers and development over time
The most cited paper – by a large distance – is Kogut & Singh’s paper on the effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. This was a seminal paper in that it introduced culture as a variable to be considered in studies on entry modes. Entry modes concern the way MNCs enter foreign countries and could include acquisitions and joint ventures. Other highly cited papers are those providing reviews of the field (e.g. Adler, Hofstede, and Leung et al.).
However, the general study of the impact of culture on managerial work values and practices is also popular (Newman & Nollen; Ralston et al.). Further highly cited papers deal with the impact of culture on specific topics such as corruption (Husted), strategy (Hennart & Larimo), entrepreneurship (Thomas & Mueller), compensation practices (Schuler & Rogovsky), and business negotiations (Graham).
When I sort the articles by year, I find the interest in the role of culture to be increasing. There were only six articles published in the 1980s that had culture in their title. Likewise, in the first half of the nineties, only five articles dealt with culture to such an extent that they included the word in their title. In the latter half of the nineties, the number of articles published on culture increased to nearly a dozen. The first decade of the 21st century produced some 40 articles on culture, with another 40 published in the next five years. It is clear that culture is a topic that is of sustained interest to international business scholars!
Worked example: HIV in Science, Nature and Cell
Let us assume you are interested on how research on HIV has developed over the years. You focus your search on three core journals that are likely to publish on this topic: Science, Nature and Cell. The screenshot below shows all papers with more than 2,000 citations. We can see that each of the three journals has published highly cited articles in this field: four in Cell, six in Nature and eight in Science. We can also observe that most of the highly cited articles were published between 1995 and 1997, and in fact 11 out of the 18 most highly cited articles were published in 1996
Development of research volume over time
However, I am also interested in how the volume of research on HIV has developed over the years. In order to assess this, I rerun the search for a single journal: Science. The reason for this is that if I include all journals only the most highly cited 1000 results will be shown and this will naturally include fewer recent articles.
- Splitting a search into two to include all papers: Running the search for Science alone, splitting it in into two time periods (before and after 1996) and aggregating both searches into one ensures I also include less-cited articles (there are 100+ articles without citations in both periods). This reduces the risk of missing most of the recently published articles.
- Number of publications on HIV peak in 1988: When I sort the results by year, I find that articles on HIV started to be published in Science in 1986. However, after removing duplicates, I found only four articles published in that year. About a dozen articles were published in 1987, whilst nearly 50 articles were published in 1988. This was one of the years with the largest number of publications on HIV in Science.
- Another peak in publications in 1996: Between 1989 and 1995 the number of articles had gone down to about 20-30. However, in 1996 the number of articles reached nearly 50 again, dropping to around 30 again in 1997-1999. From the early 2000s, the number of articles published on HIV in Science went down to about 15 a year, with a seeming resurgence from 2013 onwards where we see a return to 25-30 articles a year.
- Publication peaks follow major medical developments: The name HIV was introduced in May 1986 by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. The current treatment for HIV was introduced in 1996, resulting in a declining number of deaths from HIV/AIDS. Studying the scientific interest in HIV (or any illness) thus allows one to understand the development of interest in the disease over time.
Searching Microsoft Academic in Publish or Perish version 5
The new Publish or Perish version 5 allows for searching Microsoft Academic as a data-source. This provides you with several features that make doing a literature review even easier.
- Microsoft Academic doesn't have a limit for the number of results. Hence you can instruct Publish or Perish to return more than 1000 results by changing the maximum number of result per query in the preferences.
- As a default option Microsoft Academic searches for specified keywords only in the title and abstract (rather than the whole article). This will generally present you with a more accurate result.
- Unlike Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic doesn't suffer from truncation. Hence, using the PoP5's new option to export bibliographic details, you can simply select the relevant references and your desired referencing format to copy the exact references.
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Copyright © 2022 Anne-Wil Harzing. All rights reserved. Page last modified on Thu 2 Jun 2022 11:04
Anne-Wil Harzing is Emerita Professor of International Management at Middlesex University, London. She is a Fellow of the Academy of International Business, a select group of distinguished AIB members who are recognized for their outstanding contributions to the scholarly development of the field of international business. In addition to her academic duties, she also maintains the Journal Quality List and is the driving force behind the popular Publish or Perish software program.
