Do Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science speak your language?
Discusses the coverage of non-English language publications in three major databases for citation analysis
Prof. Anne-Wil Harzing, Middlesex University
Web: www.harzing.com
Email: anne@harzing.com
© Copyright 2016 Anne-Wil Harzing. All rights reserved.
First version, 12 June 2016
Introduction
Prior research has shown that Google Scholar has a more comprehensive coverage than Scopus or the Web of Science, especially for scholars in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Most recently, Harzing & Alakangas (2016) showed that, on average, the Web of Science had only 23% of the citations of Google Scholar for the Social Sciences and only 7% for the Humanities. For Scopus the respective figures were only slightly better at 30% and 11%. However, all of the academics in this sample were Associate or Full Professors employed at the University of Melbourne, an Anglophone university that is ranked number one in Australia and ranked 22 worldwide in the Times Higher Education ranking for the Social Sciences. Virtually all of the academics’ publications were in English.
EURAM Symposium on the role of language in academia
When preparing for a symposium at the European Academy of Management dealing with the role of language in academia, I wondered how non-Anglophone academics – publishing mainly in their own language – would fare in these comparisons. I therefore looked at a small sample of academics: two French academics, two German academics, and two Brazilian academics. In my choice I focused on academics in the field of either business administration or organizational sociology. To maximise my chances of finding a significant number of citations, I purposefully selected professors that had a strong reputation in their country and had a significant number of publications. Data were collected in May 2016.
Non-Anglo scholars have large number of Google Scholar citations
Although I had fully expected that the – mainly non-English language – publications of these academics would be seriously underrepresented in the Web of Science and Scopus, the actual results (see Table 1) surprised and even shocked me. In Google Scholar, the total number of citations for these six academics ran from 3664 to 4837, with h-indices running from 23 to 29. To put these records into perspective: in the same month, the Social Science Full Professors included in the Harzing & Alakangas’ sample – all employed at the 22nd ranked university in the world – on average had 4661 Google Scholar citations and a h-index of 30.
Table 1: Comparing citations and h-index for six non-Anglo scholars across Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus
Non-Anglo scholars are invisible in the Web of Science and Scopus
In comparison with professors working at a world leading university, these six French, German and Brazilian academics thus all had a very respectable citation record. In Google Scholar that is! However, these same academics were almost completely invisible in both the Web of Science and Scopus. In terms of citations in the Web of Science, only half of the academics even reached double digits. In Scopus, half of the academics had no citations at all. For these six academics their average number of citations in the Web of Science was only 0.31% [yes that is less than one third of 1%!] of their citations in Google Scholar, whereas for Scopus it reached the grand total of 0.55%.
In terms of the h-index, the average for both the Web of Science and Scopus was 1.7, a far cry from the average of 26.3 in Google Scholar. Figure 1 compares the h-index for the group of six non-Anglophone scholars with the group of University of Melbourne Social Science professors across the three databases. For both groups the h-index for Google Scholar exceeds that of both Scopus and the Web of Science. However, whereas for Google Scholar the h-indices of the two groups are fairly similar, for Scopus and the Web of Science they are miles apart.
Figure 1: Comparing the average h-index of Anglophone and non-Anglophone scholars across three data-bases
Multi-lingual Google Scholar, mono-lingual Web of Science and Scopus
Finally, I looked at the number of English-language publications that made it to these scholars’ Google Scholar h-index and found this to be none for two of them, one for another two, and two or three for the remaining two. Virtually all of their most-cited publications had been published in their own language. From this small-scale comparison we can conclude that whereas Google Scholar is decidedly multi-lingual, “speaking” French, German, and Portuguese (as well as many other languages), both the Web of Science and Scopus are much more mono-lingual English with just a sprinkling of each of the other languages.
Non-Anglo scholars publish more books and book chapters
I do acknowledge that the vast difference in citations and h-index between Google Scholar on the one hand, and the Web of Science and Scopus on the other hand, is not only related to mono-lingualism. The non-Anglophone scholars also differ from the University of Melbourne scholars in their choice of publication outlets, i.e. they are publishing books and book chapters as well as journal articles.
However, even here language does play a role, given that the recent expansions of the Web of Science and Scopus with book indices tend to focus on English-language books only. Moreover, this does not negate the basic argument that non-Anglophone scholars are invisible in the Web of Science and Scopus, whereas they are well-represented in Google Scholar. So if you publish in languages other than English, only Google Scholar speaks your language proficiently!
References
Harzing, A.W.; Alakangas, S. (2016) Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A longitudinal and cross-disciplinary comparison, Scientometrics, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 787-804. Available online... - Publisher's version - Presentation slides - Video presentation of this article.
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Copyright © 2023 Anne-Wil Harzing. All rights reserved. Page last modified on Sat 15 Apr 2023 07:38
Anne-Wil Harzing is Emerita Professor of International Management at Middlesex University, London. She is a Fellow of the Academy of International Business, a select group of distinguished AIB members who are recognized for their outstanding contributions to the scholarly development of the field of international business. In addition to her academic duties, she also maintains the Journal Quality List and is the driving force behind the popular Publish or Perish software program.
